A recent study by Cambridge researchers, reviewed within News Medical, has shed new light on the impact of smoking on birth outcomes. In particular, the study reveals that smoking during pregnancy more than doubles the risk of premature birth.
Exposure to smoking whilst pregnant has long been recognised as having detrimental impacts on both mother and developing foetus, with each cigarette containing over 4,000 chemicals, many of which are understood to be dangerous.
Pre-existing studies suggest that reduced oxygen supply and nutrients due to carbon monoxide and nicotine in tobacco smoke have the potential to lead to slower growth and decreased birthweight. These existing studies have also produced links between smoking in pregnancy and tissue damage to unborn babies, premature birth and specific conditions such as cleft lip.
This most recent study on premature birth, conducted by researchers at Cambridge University and the Rosie Hospital (part of Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), involved the analysis of blood samples from 914 women between 2008 and 2012. Of these, 78.6% were classified as having no exposure to smoking while pregnant, 11.7% as having some exposure and 9.7% as having consistent exposure.
It found that those who experienced a consistent level of exposure to smoking during pregnancy were 2.6 times more likely to experience spontaneous preterm birth (more than double the existing estimations). Defined as giving birth before 37 weeks of gestation, premature birth is associated with developmental delays and respiratory distress for newborn babies and children, and a higher risk of chronic health conditions for those children in later life.
Mothers exposed to smoking on a consistent level were also found to be 4.1 times more likely to experience foetal growth restriction. In comparison to non-smokers, babies born to pregnant mothers who smoked were, on average, 387g lighter. Not only is this over 10% smaller than the average newborn weight, but a lower birthweight is linked to poorer health in later life and developmental problems in children.
While women across the globe are already strongly advised against smoking during pregnancy, the study works to highlight the specific impact of smoking on premature birth and birthweight and reinforces the importance of the message that pregnancy and smoking should never coexist simultaneously.
Sources:
University of Cambridge
News Medical – Life Sciences
Disclaimer:
The information provided in this article is based on recent research and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. It is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare provider for personalized guidance and care during pregnancy.